英语学习整理
写作Tips
如何引出热点话题
- The past few years have seen / witnessed the topic of … rush into the forefront of…
- Sth. is a hot-button topic that has sparked conversations on…
- gengrate animated(lively) discussions on…
- spark a heated discussion / controversy
- be on everyone’s lips
- thanks to a spurt of progress in technology
- medical disputes / conflicts
- No.1 killer / Top killer
表示怀疑
- The van is out of gas.
- No way.
- I find that hard to believe.
- Get out.
- Get outta here.
- Who told you that?
- Where did you read / hear that?
- Really?
- You gotta be kidding me.
- I don’t believe you.
表示相同或相似
- Not the least of which
- Replica
- The resemblance of / between A and B is remarkable
- bear a remarkable / striking / close / strong / passing resemblance to…
- parallel experiments / examples / cases / trends
- reveal many close parallels
- Similarly, she can instantly identify her baby’s cry.
- see eye to eye on Sth.
- share identical opinions on
表忧虑
- How are you?
- How do you feel?
- How are you feeling?
- Is everything OK?
- What’s wrong?
- Are you all right?
- Don’t worry.
- You will be fine.
- It will be fine.
- What are you worrying for.
- There is no need to worry about.
- There’s nothing to worry about.
- It’ll turn out all right.
- It isn’t as bad as all that.
- Whatever you may have heard
- I won’t judge you
- Strategies:
- Express a desire to help
- I really want to help you get through this.
- Express positive regard
- Express concern, care, interest
- Express availability
- Express alliance, togetherness and solidarity
- Express acknowledgment, comprehension, understanding, sympathy, sorrow, condolence
- Say that the other person’s feelings are reasonable, normal, appropriate
- Acknowledge the other person’s plight
- Absolve the person of blame or guilt
- Reassure the person that it’s okay to express any feelings, none are of-limit / bad
- Encourage the expression of feelings
- Ask open-ended questions about feelings
- Reflect and restate the thoughts and feelings that you hear
- Express a desire to help
表达增加/减少
- 增加
- Skyrocket
- Mushroom
- Multiply
- Soar
- Ramp up / Mount up
- 减少
- Plummet
- Exert a slight / significant / substantial / drastic reduction in Sth.
- Undergo / suffer a dramatic decline in Sth.
- Abate
- Slide
表达愤怒
- upset at Sth. / Someone
- angry with someone
- mad about Sth.
- Very angry:
- ticked off
- mad as hell
- madder than hell
- seeing red
- have a fit / convulsion
- throw a tantrum
- go ballistic on
- blow up
- in a blind range
- Sth. is an outrage
- 狂怒
- furious
- livid
- incensed
- enraged
- Diplomatic:
- displeased
- disappointed
- not very / too happy / pleased / thrilled
- somewhat(a bit) angry
- get up on the wrong side of the bed
Advanced words
- good
- decent
- beneficial
- bad
- harmful
- detrimental
- big
- immerse
- enormous
- hard
- difficult
- put off
- postpone
- look into
- investigate
- cut down
- reduce
- set up
- establish
- found
- bring about
- cause
- produce
Be specific 并且少用否定
表达因果
- Sth. serves / acts as catalyst / enzyme for Sth.
- invite i.e.That suggestion would invite eye-rolling.
- the genesis of … lurks in
- Sth. is induced by Sth
- Sth. induce Sth.
- be responsible for
- trigger ogg
- give rise to
- the reason for … are manifold and varied, but the one that dominate is
普遍现象
- become a commonplace
- become the rule (rather than the exception)
- prevalence / prevailing
- be here to stay
- pervasive
英语04期末口试
Chapter 1
问题1
What kind of work do you consider the most stress-causing? And why?
Police work is indeed considered one of the most stressful professions.
High-Stress Situations
Personal Safety
Shift Work, Irregular working hours, including night shifts, early mornings
问题2
What is the relationship between stress and illness?
Studies have shown that stress can hurt the body’s immune system, resulting in more frequent illness.
Before people experience a stressor, their IS become compromised.
For example, students before final exams.
Mind has a powerful effect on the body
One study showed that rats that are placed in a situation where there was unpredictable stress, these rats are much more likely to develop cancer under these stressful conditions than if they’re in nonstressful conditions.
问题3
Western culture has come to view chronic stress as a serious problem that can ultimately damage our health, and the medical field has begun to acknowledge that many physical disorders (skin rashes, high blood pressure, headaches, etc.) may in fact be linked to mental stress. What are the most common physical problems that people in your culture complain about? Are they the same for men and women? Do they differ depending on age?
According to the pathology and literature, diseases of the cardiovascular system, especially atherosclerosis, are problems that people in my culture complain about.
In our country, the morbidity and mortality rates of diseases of the cardiovascular system are the highest.
Men are more susceptible than women because oestrogen improves vascular endothelial function and lowers cholesterol levels
This difference disappears after menopause in women, and middle-aged and older people are more likely to get atherosclerosis
Chapter 2
问题1
Is there high incidence of cardiovascular disease in your country? If yes, what risk factors do you think are most responsible?
Yes
Hyperlipidaemia is defined as elevated total plasma cholesterol
Low density lipoprotein is a major factor in causing AS
HDL has a preventive effect on AS
oxidized LDL is an important disease-causing factor.
Lipid proteins leak into the inner membranes and promote atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Smoking, diabetes
问题2
We can prevent heart disease by following a heart-healthy lifestyle. What do you think is the most effective medication-free strategy to help us protect our heart?
Get active.
Improves Cardiovascular Fitness: Regular physical activity strengthens the heart muscle, allowing it to pump blood more efficiently and effectively.
Reduces Blood Pressure
Lowers Cholesterol Levels
Promotes Better Sleep: Exercise can contribute to better sleep patterns, which is important for overall health, including heart health.
Chapter 3
问题1
What new challenges do teenagers face today?
In Western culture, drugs and alcohol
tremendous pressure in this age group to make decisions about the use of drugs and alcohol and other mind-altering substances.
Digital Identity: Teenagers are growing up in the digital age, where their online presence and digital identity can have significant impacts on their social lives and future opportunities.
Information Overload: The sheer volume of information available online can be overwhelming, making it difficult for teenagers to discern reliable sources from misinformation.
Peer Influence: The influence of peers can be strong during adolescence, sometimes leading to risky behaviors or poor decision-making.
Academic Pressure: The competitive nature of education and the pressure to succeed academically can lead to stress and burnout.
Chapter 4
问题1
What is the best age to be?
Being 20 might be the best age because it’s often associated with youth, freedom, and the start of one’s independent life.
At 20, many people are exploring new opportunities, making important life decisions, and experiencing the world with a fresh perspective.
Independence
Social Life: The social circle might expand or change significantly as people meet new friends, colleagues, and partners. This is also a time when many form lasting relationships and bonds.
Physical Health and Energy: Generally, people are at their physical peak during their early 20s, with high energy levels and fewer health concerns.
问题2
The idea that we must separate from our parents before we can be adults is a Western culture, and it may not apply at all in other cultures. Does it mean anything in your culture? What expectations does your culture have of young adults?
Eastern Culture: In some Eastern cultures, particularly in countries like China, Japan, and Korea, there is a strong emphasis on family. Young adults may live with their parents for longer periods, and the concept of independence might be more about contributing to the family’s well-being rather than living separately.
Financial Independence: The ability to support oneself financially is a common expectation.
Educational Achievement: Completing education and acquiring skills for the job market is often a priority.
Social Responsibility: Contributing to society and being a responsible citizen is expected.
Personal Development: Developing as an individual, making personal choices, and pursuing one’s passions is also important.
Chapter 5
问题1
How does the use of the different components of body language vary by culture?
Body lang is what we are saying by our posture, the way in which we hold ourselves, our gestures, the use of our hands and our facial expressions.
say some thing to the other person, not through words.
Americans tend to think looking directly into another person’s eye is apporate,
look away/down, means avoiding responsibility or showing disrespect.
Japan , much less eye contact than in the US
cause confusion.
need to pay more attention to nonverbal cues rather than what the speaker was said
Chapter 6
问题1
How does the use of touch vary by culture?
Touch is one of the most sensitive areas of nonverbal communication because touch is never neutral.
American calue firm handshakes
In some cultures common to see same-sex friends holding hands and embracing in public. Behavior is not interpreted as sexual, China.
US, awkward
Social Norms of Touch
Gender and Touch: Gender plays a significant role in how touch is perceived and practiced. Traditional gender roles can influence what types of touch are considered appropriate, with notions of ‘feminine’ and ‘masculine’ touch being displayed through various forms of interaction
easy to violate and difficult to change
问题2
How does the use of space vary by culture?
Latin American and Middle Eastern cultures ,the kind of conversational space is relatively very close compared to Asian and American cultures.
Pop others’ body bubbles, discomfort, irration,anger
Chapter 8
问题1
What are the factors that influence people in their choice of a mate?
Physical apperience, but when you start adding things in, like their personality, their job, their intelligence. Then look at the total.
Educational background, similar in education
Same interest, same values, accepted age range is 5-10 years.